An Argument For Sustainable Agriculture Essay - 3181 Words

An Argument For Sustainable Agriculture Introduction Merriam-Websters online dictionary defines stewardship as the careful and responsible management of something entrusted in ones care (Merriam-Webster, 2015). Sustainable agriculture is a method that does not deplete soil, water, air, wildlife or human community resources (Community Alliance with, 1997). These two principles describe a type of farming that practices responsible management of the land in a way that does not deplete natural resources or the human community. We are living in a time when many environmental issues have come up due to such things as overpopulation, increased waste production, over consumption, depletion of natural resources and other activities†¦show more content†¦Organic farming involves the strict adherence to three standards defined by the federal Organic Foods Production Act of 1990. The act includes the stipulation that farmers must be certified, continually increasing soil fertility and are prohibited from using synthetic pesticides and fert ilizers (Community Alliance with, 1997). Thus, sustainable agriculture involves a continuum, containing points where limited use of synthetic products may be acceptable to organic farming where none are used. It can be argued that sustainable methods are very practical today, and are important in retaining healthy land that will be productive in the future. The history of agriculture shows how agriculture has developed to where we are today with traditional methods. By looking at obstacles to organic farming and the problems and solutions to traditional methods, we can see the importance of increasing sustainable efforts. Furthermore, it is important to look at the link between faith and farming and how people can apply biblical principles to farming the land God owns. History of Farming Modern agriculture began about 150 years ago with Justuus von Lieberg. He is credited with discovering that the three basic elements of plant nutrition could be dissolved in water and fed to plants directly. Ever since, nitrogen,Show MoreRelatedHow Can Sustainable Agriculture Be Better For Americans Vs. Industrial Agriculture?1481 Words   |  6 PagesHow can sustainable agriculture be better for Americans compared to industrial agriculture? Sustainable agriculture is the idea to agriculture that prioritize in fabricating food in a manner that does not demean nature and does not threaten human or animal s health. Sustainable agriculture provides high quality produce without diminishing resources and natural systems that productivity rely on. A study by the University of Michigan, compared data from one hundred studies of sustainable and conventionalRead MoreThe Article By Letting Clare1430 Words   |  6 PagesAmy Trauber introduces the article by letting Clare, one of the subjects in her research tell her first hand account of her daily routine as a sustainable farmer in Central Pennsylvania, and the challenges she faces in a male dominated work space. Clare says â€Å"I get up early, eat breakfast and start picking blueberries for market at six o’clock. After picking for a couple of hours, I wash, sort and package blueberries to sell at the farmer’s market in town. After selling all day, I might work a fewRead MoreU.s. Salmon Aquaculture : Ethical Issues1390 Words   |  6 PagesU.S. Salmon Aquaculture: Ethical Issues in Farmed Salmon Kimberly Jones Troy University Dr. Miller â€Æ' Abstract There are many ethical arguments surrounding aquaculture. The salmon industry in the United States has many ethical concerns in relation to farmed salmon. This paper will first discuss the salmon industry, then discuss specific ethical issues facing farmed salmon, and finally review any laws, regulations or relief efforts in place to reduce these ethical concerns, or that aggravate theseRead MoreIndustrialized Farming And Food Systems Essay842 Words   |  4 PagesFoods Shoppers† published in Foreign Policy magazine in 2010. In his article, Paarlberg addresses the current issues of global hunger and food crisis, particularly in Africa. He argues, contrary to popular belief, that slow, organic, and sustainable agriculture is an ineffective method to correct these issues. Paarlberg instead states that conventional and modern farming techniques, along with industrialized food production, are the solutions to solving this epidemic of hunger. In his article, PaarlbergRead MoreFood Sustainability : A Multi Faceted And Complex Topic That Has Social, Economic, And Environmental Components Essay1740 Words   |  7 Pagespillars of sustainability. The first pillar would be the economic side of food sustainability. This would include the monetary value of a practice or product and the profits that come from moving towards being more sustainable with food. One way to quantify and measure if food sustainable practices are cost effective would be through a cost-benefit analysis (CBA). On November 17th, in class, we talked about cost-benefit analysis and looked at the Winthrop Gardens as an example. We discussed the inputsRead MoreOrganic Agriculture, As Defined By The National Organic Standards Board1163 Words   |  5 PagesOrganic Agriculture, as defined by the National Organic Standards Board (NOSB): â€Å"Is an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity. It is based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on management practices that restore, maintain, and enhance ecological harmony.† Which is very fancily put for agriculture with as little man made input as possible trying to farm, as they perceive at least, the most beneficial to theRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And Its Impact On The Environment1622 Words   |  7 Pagesdue to their detrimental impact on the environment. The debate over the environmental impact of GM crops is growing increasingly complex, intense, and extremely emotional. GMOs are causing biodiversity loss, affecting organic agriculture, and inhibiting sustainable agriculture. In his book, Beyond Evolution: The Genetically Altered Future of Plants, Animals, the Earth and Humans, Bioethicist Dr. Michael W. Fox states, â€Å"Some costs and losses—like biodiversity, wildlife habitat, and our ruralRead MoreIn 1953, Scientists James Watson And Francis Crick Revealed1590 Words   |  7 Pagesbe banned in the United States because of their environmental, social, and economical consequences. GMOs should be banned because of their harsh impact on the environment. They are causing biodiversity loss, affecting organic agriculture, and inhibiting sustainable agriculture. In his book, Beyond Evolution: The Genetically Altered Future of Plants, Animals, the Earth and Humans, Bioethicist Dr. Michael W. Fox states, â€Å"Some costs and losses—like biodiversity, wildlife habitat, and our rural communitiesRead MoreEssay on Organic vs. Sustainable Agriculture1357 Words   |  6 PagesOrganic vs. Sustainable Agriculture Agriculture, to many is just an industry of farmers and cows. Most people can’t even come close to fathom just how essential the continuance of agriculture is to not just our well being, but our very lives. People of the United States have been spoiled, they’ve never had to worry about the grocery stores running empty because, even to this day, there hasn’t been a problem growing enough to feed, not only the U.S. but a good part of the world too. The day thoughRead MoreAttention Global Citizens : Why Shouldn T We All Become Vegans?916 Words   |  4 Pagesproposed health benefits of going without animal products in their diet. Some go vegan in support of protesting the inhumane treatment of livestock during the production of animal food products. While both of those arguments may be justified in their own right; a more recent argument is that all humans should take to a vegetable based diet to save our planet. Some propose that by consuming animal products we ma y be contributing to global warming. In George C. Wang’s article Go Vegan, Save the Planet

Nietzches Master and Slave Morality - 2209 Words

In Of the Genealogy of Morality, Nietzsche sought to provide context for what he saw as the central value system of the society in which he lived: slave-morality. Nietzsche saw morality as reflective of the conditions in which its proponents were brought up. He saw the roots of slave morality in oppression and slavery, and posits that it grew as a reaction to the morality of the masters of the time. What follows is a simplified account of Nietzsche’s master-slave dichotomy, and what he saw as the dire consequences for human progress should the pervasiveness of slave morality be allowed to remain at the expense of the master. I will argue that although religion and slave morality may have had significant influence in Nietzsche’s day, his†¦show more content†¦In contrast to the consequentialism of master morality, slave morality can be seen as a deontological morality. It determines an action’s goodness by looking at the actor’s intention: to slave moralists, the ends do not, necessarily, justify the means. The nature of acts and their actors plays an important role in Nietzsche’s discussion of morality. Slaves believe in and strive for freedom and see evil in the masters’ oppression of them, as they believe they perform these acts of oppression of their own free will. They believe that, because the masters are free agents, they should be held responsible for their actions and criticized for them. Nietzsche disputes this view, and demonstrates his argument using the analogy of the eagles and the lambs: â€Å"That lambs dislike great birds of prey does not seem strange: only it gives no ground for reproaching these birds of prey for bearing off little lambs. And if the lambs say among themselves: these birds of prey are evil; and whoever is least like a bird of prey, but rather its opposite, a lamb - would he not be good? there is no reason to find fault with this institution of an ideal, except perhaps that birds of prey might view it a little ironically and say ‘we don’t dislike them at all, these good little lambs; we even love them: nothing is more tasty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ .

The World Problems Of North America - 1516 Words

Words are powerful. When the average person in North America hears the term ‘first world’ or the phrase ‘first world problems’ it’s merely a way of classifying our world, and is not that deep. For many, ‘first world’ refers to countries that are advance and are leading the rest of the world such as Canada and the US. Conversely, many people would refer to many countries in Africa as ‘third world.’ ‘First world problems’ is an expression people from the first world nations use to complain about nonsensical issues. First world, second world, third world. Developed countries, developing countries, less developed/underdeveloped countries. Who created these terms and concepts? What is the intent behind them, and what are the layered meanings†¦show more content†¦Also, such notions grossly undermines the impacts of colonization that still persists in many formerly colonized nations such as almost all of Africa . It important to note that first world nations such as Canada, the US, Australia, and New Zealand are also colonized nations. Prior to colonial European settlers, Indigenous people lived in those lands now occupied the descendants of the colonizers and many immigrants who came thereafter. Not long ago, I recall a hashtag that was trending about people complaining about #firstworldproblems. Some of the things people were complaining about include slow internet, or people’s phones dying before they get a chance to recharge it to name a couple. Although it might have been for fun on the internet or meme worthy, coining petty complaints as first world problem is an insult and insensitive to people experiencing real world and often life threatening problems. The phrase/concept irritates me and definitely make me uncomfortable because, it seeks to legitimize petty problems of people with privilege. I came across a quote that was circulating on social media such as Instagram and Tumblr that says: Let’s start calling â€Å"third world† and â€Å"developing countries† Previously Colonized Countries, because this way, we’re not ignoring the fact that these countries aren’t just slow in theirShow MoreRelatedEconomic and Social Issues of North America766 Words   |  3 PagesNorth America is one of the most affluent region in the world. It has the leading and most influential economy but the country itself also contains complicated social issues. This essay will discuss the economy and social issue of North America, including the two countries Canada and the United States. First, it has to be mentioned that North America has the most desirable resources abundance. Abundance of energy, metals, forest resources create the foundation for the economy to develop. But theRead MoreReasons and Results of the Civil War Essay example540 Words   |  3 Pagesevent in American History. 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Emergent Ethical Theories in Social Work

Question: Discuss about the Emergent Ethical Theories in Social Work. Answer: Introduction As outlined by Berger (2007), ethical and moral decision making involves making choices that respect both ethical and moral requirements of all the stakeholders. In this case, the company should take into account the normative ethical requirements in making its choices. The company should evaluate whether the choice is good or bad right or wrong and whether it is ethical. In evaluating the ethical nature, the company should look into the interests of all its stakeholders. This option involves splitting the company into two. The first to deal with the old and obsolete facilities and the second to deal with the new high tech facilities. The old facilities are labor intensive. Hence the company will be able to retain the old employees. There will be no layoffs. This decision can be viewed in line with the ethical theories and the normative standards. According to the deontological ethical theory, a decision should be made based on whether it is right or wrong (Nyangara, 2015). This is always nonconsequential approach to decision making. Retention of the old obsolete facilities has some advantages to some stakeholders. For instance, the old employees will be retained and the company will not spend money in retrenching them. Shares will be divided equally between the old facility and the new facility. This means that the old facility will not be operating in isolation, but will operate in union with the new facility, making it quite profitable. The old fac ility is also labor intensive making it attract more employment opportunities to the general public as compared to the new facility which is high tech. This makes the first option averagely beneficial to both the entity and the stakeholders who are aiming to be employed. This is a right decision which is in line with deontological theory. Conversely, maintaining the old facility results into some specific problems like emission of toxic fumes, deterioration of share values and contamination of the operating sites. These are a negative consequence that has not been considered by the deontological approach. According to Schroeder (2007), the teleological theory advocates for what is good rather than what is right. In line with this theory, the organization should consider the consequences of the decisions made. If the organization is to adopt this option, then the negative consequences such as deterioration of the value of shares and exposing the employees to dangerous fumes, which may result in spending much on compensating employees for injuries should be considered. The company should also anticipate the possibility of the old facility making more losses that may lead to eventual bankruptcy. The old facility consists of old employees who are nearing their retirement ages hence the company may lose them in the long run Therefore using the teleological approach, this option is not sensitive to the negative consequences forwarded by the decision. The main purpose of a decision in the teleological approach is to produce as much good as possible. Choosing this option is, therefore, a question of whether it is of more good to all the stakeholders involved or whether its demerits are tremendous, (Gray, 2010). Based on moral goodness, the choice should be that is sensitive to both long run and short run consequences, (Alas, 2015). This is what the teleological theory advocates for. Utilitarianism requires decisions made to result in more benefits to the stakeholders involved as compared to the disadvantages (Frederiksen, 2013). This choice, when viewed according to this principle, is required to produce more benefits. It is apparent that the old plant would result into more disadvantages to workers and the public due to the toxic fumes it emits. It is therefore against the utilitarianism principle to maintain it. Evaluation of this choice using the relativism theory imposes several considerations. These involve cultural relativism and ethical egoism. This approach advocates that there is no marking line for determining what is moral and what is right or wrong (Halawi, 2013). The choice will depend on whether it is sensitive to the cultures and condition of the community. If the community has poor health facilities, then imposing them to health risk may be detrimental. The company should also consider the interests of its stakeholders. The employees need to retain their positions in the entity and not to be laid off. The employees who are retained in the old facility may consider this choice moral while they may oppose it if they contact diseases. The decision may also lead to the bankruptcy of the old facility due to continuous loss making and deterioration of the value of its shares. Therefore individual shareholders who invest funds in the old facility may consider it immoral. This option involves shutting down the old facility and creating an agreement with Freedom Coast Ventures to deal with the waste materials from the old facility. This is a good option as it will enable the company to capitalize on the new high-tech facility, making its share prices to grow and maintain its position in the stock market. The cost of labor will also decrease as a few workers will be employed to operate the new facility. This decision also harbors some disadvantages. Liberia has experienced disease outbreaks like Ebola, and it may be immoral to expose them to dangerous fume, cancer, and neurological impairment. Although FC will provide medical facilities that would reduce the spread of these diseases, the consequences of cancer infection and the rate at which it would spread remains unknown. Utilitarianism view to this choice would recommend closure of the old facility as it is more detrimental to the stakeholders such as workers. However, it would be against this principle for the Liberians to be exposed to new diseases such as cancer. This principle requires a decision to be more benefits to the stakeholders involved. According to Bierly (2009), the teleological theory is consequential. In this case, consequences of laying off, the old employees who operate the old facility are not considered. It may be expensive for the company to compensate retrenched employees. The operations in Liberia by FC also exposes the members of the public to the great risk of contracting Cancer and neurological impairment. The company is not able to predict the gravity of these infections. It will also cause loss of jobs in Canada, and this may be viewed as immoral by the citizens who are deprived of the jobs. The closure of the old facility is a right choice. This is in line with the deontological moral theory. Which examines whether a decision is right, (Vitell, 2008).The old facility emits toxic fumes that may cause environmental pollution. The operators of this facility are also old and approaching retirement. This facility is prone to losses and is the major cause of the decrease in the value of shares of the company. Maintaining this facility makes the company more susceptible to bankruptcy. The company is composed of various stakeholders. These may include, employees, the general public, the managers and the shareholders. Therefore when looking at the relativist approach to ethics and moral behavior, it is logical to consider the various groups. The employees who are laid off may consider the decision as immoral as it is against their interests. The inhabitants in Liberia may consider the new health facilities created and infrastructure creation as moral. On the other hand, they may view exposure to new diseases as an immoral conduct. Therefore the gravity of consequences of every decision should be taken into account. Relativism provides that there is no consistent way of judging what is right or wrong and what is moral or immoral, (Copp, 2009). The decision will depend on the matters at hand. In this case, the decision does not take into account the interests of the Liberians who will be exposed to cancer. It does not take into account the costs involved in retrenchin g the old employees. This option advocates for taking advantage of the government incentives and the low-interest rates programs to finance the expansion of the high-tech facility and to demolish the old facility. This approach has some advantages. The old facility will be phased out gradually, and this will help to prevent layoffs. The old employees will, therefore, be given pensions instead of the retrenchment packages. This reduces the cost of operation. According to Frederiksen (2013), a choice is required to result in more benefits to the stakeholders. This choice would be more beneficial as it would prevent layoffs and also protect the lives and health of workers and the public as a whole by phasing out the old facility which would otherwise emit toxic gasses. Phasing out the old facility may lead to increase the share values of the company and reduce environmental pollution. It will also contribute to a decrease in the number of employees which is important in reducing operating costs. The new facility is high tech and therefore will reduce the level of workplace injuries among the employees. This option will conversely lead to loss of jobs as the high-tech facility only requires a few workers to operate. It will lead to an increase in debts, and reduced profitability. However, these are short-term consequences, and in the long run, the company will regain its profitability, pay pensions and pay its employees highly. Share prices will also increase in the long run. The above option is in line with the deontological moral approach. This approach advocates for what is right, (Bartels, 2007). It is right to phase out the old facility in a gradual way to prevent layoffs. It is also right to expand the new facility to expand production and increase profitability. The companys decision to take advantage of low-interest rates and government incentives is a prudent move that ensures low cost of operation. The option respects the teleological requirements of ethical decision making. The choice takes into account the right concept of choice. Retrenchment would not be a moral decision. To avoid this, the company has opted to phase out the old facility gradually. The company will also execute wages concessions through bargaining. Providing for environmental remedies and meeting all the pensions to employees are moral decisions. In the company, there are different stakeholders with different interests. Relativism requires the decision taken to consider the relative interests of all the stakeholders, (Xinjiang, 2007). Considering the relativism approach, the company has tried to consider ethical egoism, by taking into account the interests of employees through bargaining on wages. The interests of the old employees will also be considered through gradually phasing out the facility and then giving them pensions when they retire. The best option to adopt Going by the above explanations, the company should adopt option C. this is the only option that respects the requirements of all the four ethical theories discussed in this report. The deontological theory, the teleological theory, the utilitarianism theory and the relativism theory. The option also brings more exemplary advantages as compared to other options Conclusion In conclusion, the company should consider the normative ethical requirements in choosing the best option. The option taken should result in more benefits than disadvantages to the workers and other stakeholders. The consideration of what is best for the stakeholders should be based on whether the decision to be taken is right or wrong, good or bad, beneficial or detrimental. Taking these into account would enable the company to select the best option. The fund management should also consider the advantages of the options and their congruence with different ethical theories and approaches in evaluating the option to take. The company should adopt option C. this is the only option that respects the requirements of all the four ethical theories discussed in this report. The deontological theory, the teleological theory, the utilitarianism theory and the relativism theory. The option will also ensure long-term profitability of the company and ensure that the interests of all stakeholder s are respected. Reference Alas, R., Gao, J., Carneiro, J. (2015). Connections between Ethics and Cultural Dimensions. Engineering Economics, 21(3). Bartels, D. M., Medin, D. L. (2007). Are Morally Motivated Decision Makers Insensitive To The Consequences of Their Choices? Psychological Science, 18(1), 24-28. Berger, I. E., Cunningham, P. H., Drumwright, M. E. (2007). Mainstreaming Corporate Social Responsibility: Developing Markets for Virtue. California Management Review, 49(4), 132-157. Bierly Iii, P. E., Kolodinsky, R. W., Charette, B. J. (2009). Understanding the Complex The relationship between Creativity and Ethical Ideologies. Journal of Business Ethics, 86(1), 101-112. Copp, D. (2009). Toward A Pluralist and Teleological Theory of Normativity. Philosophical Issues, 19(1), 21-37. Murphy, S. P. (2016). Contemporary Philosophical Faces of Deontology and Consequentialism. John Rawls and Peter Singer. In Responsibility in an Interconnected World (Pp. 61-87). Springer International Publishing. Fan, L. C., Fox, P. W. (2009). Exploring Factors for Ethical Decision Making: Views From Construction Professionals. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 135(2), 60-69. Frederiksen, C. S., Nielsen, M. E. J. (2013). Ethical Theories. In Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility (pp. 1071-1078). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Gillies, J. C. (2009). Ethics in Primary Care: Theory and Practice. Innovation: The Rcgp Journal for Associates in Training, 2(3), 183-190. Gray, M. (2010). Moral Sources and Emergent Ethical Theories in Social Work. British Journal Of Social Work, 40(6), 1794-1811. Halawi, L., Mccarthy, R. V. (2013). Evaluation of Ethical Issues in the Knowledge Age? An Exploratory Study. Issues Inf. Syst, 14(1), 106-112. Kjellstrand, C., Dossetor, J. B. (Eds.). (2013). Ethical problems in dialysis and transplantation (Vol. 33). Springer Science Business Media. Nyangara, D., Nyangara, M. R., Mazviona, B. W. (2015). An Essay on the Ethical and Corporate Governance Issues in the 2003/4 Zimbabwean Banking Crisis. International Journal of Economics Management Sciences, 2014. RAWLS, O. J., THEORY, P. (2013). V. Chaly. KANTOVSKY SBORNIK, 33. Schroeder, M. (2007). Teleology, Agent?Relative Value, and Good.' Ethics, 117(2), 265-000. Vitell, S. J., Patwardhan, A. (2008). The Role of Moral Intensity and Moral Philosophy in Ethical Decision Making: A Cross?Cultural Comparison of China and the European Union. Business Ethics: A European Review, 17(2), 196-209. Xingliang, C. (2007). The Principle of Integrating Subjectivity and Objectivity: Examination from Both Deontology and Methodology [J]. Chinese Journal of Law, 5, 010. Yu, K. (2013). The Logical Dilemmas of Western Ecological Ethics and Its" Eastern Turn. Theory And Modernization, 6, 010.