Abraham Maslow Essay Example

Abraham Maslow Essay Example Abraham Maslow Paper Abraham Maslow Paper After returning from a shopping trip with his mother, little Tommy reported, â€Å"I goed to the store and eated candy. † Why might a behaviorist such as B. F. Skinner have had some difficulty explaining Tommys incorrect grammatical construction? What sort of theory could explain the errors? What would that explanation be? B. F Skinner was an American Psychologist who invented the operant conditioning chamber. The chamber he set up had rats in it and a lever, once the rats pulled the lever they were given a piece of food. After this happened the rate of bar pressing would increase dramatically and remain high until the rat was no longer hungry. He was a firm believer of the idea that human free will was actually an illusion and any human action was the result of the consequences of that same action. If the consequences were bad, there was a high chance that the action would not be repeated; however if the consequences were good, the actions that lead to it would be reinforced. He called this the principle of reinforcement. B. F. Skinner’s operant conditioning theory would lead him to believe Tommys parents spoke the way Tommy did after leaving the store, and his parents had no consequences for Tommy speaking in such a way but instead of giving him positive reinforcement for the incorrect grammar. The fact That Tommy has a learning disability which causes him to absorb words used around him, instead of absorbing both the vocabulary and the grammatical rules. Tommy’s grammatical errors show that language is acquired through osmosis, and that there is more to it than just memorization. Skinner’s way of operant conditioning mainly focused on cause and effect; by doing something good you are rewarded and by doing something bad you are punished. Even though tommy’s parents don’t reward him it would seem to Skinner that his grammatical errors were positively reinforced making it difficult for Skinner to provide an explanation for Tommy’s grammatical errors. Myers, D. G (2013). Psychology: 10th Edition in Modules. Worth Publishers, Inc. 4. Abraham Maslow suggested that â€Å"a person who is lacking food, love, and self-esteem would most likely hunger for food more strongly than anything else.† Conversely, the novelist Dostoyevsky wrote, â€Å"without a firm idea of himself and the purpose of his life, man cannot live even if surrounded with bread. † What evidence from the field of psychology might support each statement? Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist who is best known for creating Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is represented by a pyramid with four different levels, the bottom of the hierarchy are the Basic needs or Physiological needs of a human being: food, water, sleep and sex. The next level is Safety Needs: Security, Order, and Stability. These two steps are important to the physical survival of the person. Once individuals have basic nutrition, shelter and safety, they attempt to accomplish more. The third level of need is Love and Belonging, which are psychological needs; when individuals have taken care of themselves physically, they are ready to share themselves with others, such as with family and friends. The fourth level is achieved when individuals feel comfortable with what they have accomplished. This is the Esteem level, the need to be competent and recognized, such as through status and level of success (Myers, 2013, p. 420 ). Maslow suggested that a person lacking food, love, and self-esteem would most likely hunger for food the most. Yet on the other hand the novelist Destoyeski viewed this issue in an entirely different matter. He wrote that without a firm idea of himself and the purpose of his life, man cannot live even if surrounded with bread. My opinion is that if a person does not know who they really are or what they are doing with their life then what is there to live for, therefore food wouldn’t matter without everything else to follow. Destoyeski quote, I believe that everyone has a place and a purpose in life, yet if a person doesn’t know where they stand or their purpose in life who are they And this is why I believe that knowing yourself, your standards, and goals is more important critically speaking because without those, all you would have in your life is food. I believe both Maslow and Destoyeski are right in their own ways, since Maslow just focuses on the basics showing a person will go for food before they go for self-esteem, and Destoyeski looks at the bigger picture and seeing that if you have nothing to live for then you would have no reason to care about food. Fyodor Dostoevsky Russian Author Biography. (n. d. ). The European Graduate School Media and Communication Graduate Postgraduate Studies Program. Retrieved April 28, 2013, from egs. edu/library/fyodor-dostoevsky/biography/ Myers, D. G (2013). Psychology: 10th Edition in Modules. Worth Publishers, Inc. 5. Andy, a high school sophomore, lacks self-discipline, fails to plan ahead, and is excessively anxious. He is quickly frustrated by challenging tasks and frequently becomes overly critical of others. Use the psychoanalytic, humanistic, and social-cognitive perspectives to give three contrasting explanations of Andys behavior. Since we do not know Andy’s past, he could have been bullied in school when he was younger or possibly beaten by his parents as a child, which could have created trauma causing him to act out. Because he is acting out, the idea is acting on its pleasure principle and allowing Andy to release his built up frustration and stress. The humanistic side of things is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs pyramid that breaks down a person’s basic needs for self-fulfillment. Andy Pushes towards finding where he belongs and he strives to build up his self-esteem. Rogers thought we could reach our full potential by receiving unconditional positive regard. This included caring for someone no matter what they are going through, openness, acceptance, and empathy. His parents probably did not give him unconditional positive regard contributing to how he feels now. The social cognitive side is close to the cognitive-behavioral viewpoint. Andy’s friends, family, and along with his environment influence, his actions and behavior which contributes to how he views himself is influenced by his surroundings. If Andy’s parents used a particular style of parenting such as permissive parenting style, it could have been a contributing factor causing Andy’s lack of self-esteem and self-discipline to include Andy failing to plan ahead. The common anxiousness Andy feels would be caused by the negative self-image he created of himself. Since Andy is so critical on himself it would also make him very judgmental of others as well or possibly even resorting to suicidal thoughts. Myers, D. G (2013). Psychology: 10th Edition in Modules. Worth Publishers, Inc. 6. Geraldo, a second-year college student, is so fearful of medical procedures that he has avoided routine dental checkups for over three years. He has recently decided to seek help in overcoming his fear. Compare and contrast (what are the similarities and differences) the methods that would be used by (a) a behavior therapist and (b) a psychoanalytic therapist Psychoanalytic and Behavioral are the two main types of psychotherapy which are techniques employed to improve psychological functioning and promote adjustment to life for every patient. The two types of therapies are generally to help gain a greater control over and improvement of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The two therapies are grouped together as insight therapies. Although their goals are similar, their approach is very different from each other. The difference between behavior therapy and psychoanalytic therapy is that psychoanalytic therapy is used to bring the patient’s unconscious and underlying conflicts to consciousness. This process helps the patient to discover their reason for their abnormal behaviors or fears of certain situations or even fear of certain objects or places. Once the patient has the insight on their underlying conflicts or fears, the conflicts or fears can be resolved and the patient can change to a better behavior. There are five methods that are used in psychoanalytic therapy: free association, dream analysis, analyzing resistance, analyzing transference, and interpretation. Behavior therapy which is similar to psychoanalytic therapy but instead it uses learning principles to help prevent and eliminate maladaptive behaviors and create a more healthy way of thinking. Behavior therapy focuses on the problem behavior instead of the underlying cause. The methods used in this particular therapy are: classical conditioning techniques, including systematic desensitization and aversion therapy; operant conditioning techniques, including shaping, reinforcement, and observational learning techniques, to include modeling therapy. Psychoanalytic therapy and behavioral therapy both push to better a person’s thinking and outlook on life. Both types of therapy’s work in different ways to resolve the conflict. Psychoanalytic works by bringing the underlying conflict out and behavior therapy works on the conflict that is currently at  the surface not focusing on the underlying factors more or less teaching the patient ways to defeat the conflict should it come out. Myers, D. G (2013). Psychology: 10th Edition in Modules. Worth Publishers, Inc. McLeod, S. (n. d. ). Psychoanalysis. Simply Psychology Articles for Students. Retrieved April 28, 2013, from simplypsychology. org/psychoa Behavioral Therapy. (n. d. ). Spectrum Behavioral Health. Retrieved April 29, 2013, from spectrum-behavioral. com/WhitePapers/behavioralthera

Self-Carving Exploding Jack o Lantern Demonstration

Self-Carving Exploding Jack o' Lantern Demonstration The self-carving pumpkin uses a chemical reaction to cause an explosion inside a pumpkin, forcing out the pumpkin pieces of a jack-o-lantern face (with an accompanying bang and fire). You can perform this popular chemistry Halloween demonstration yourself: Self-Carving Exploding Pumpkin Materials 50 ml hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)20 ml water~7 pea-sized chips of calcium carbide (CaC2)Â  cat food or tuna canoven mitt (to avoid getting burned)piezoelectric sparker Make a Self-Carving Pumpkin Carve a medium pumpkin with a simple face. Triangles, circles, squares and ovals are good choices. Re-insert the face pieces, making sure they can move easily out of the pumpkin. If the pumpkin has thick flesh, you may wish to cut away the back of the pieces so they are lighter/weaker.Poke or drill a small hole in the back of the pumpkin so you can insert the wire sparker. Insert the sparker and test it to make sure it works.Pour the peroxide in the pumpkin. (an optional step in some descriptions)Put the water in the cat food or tuna can and set the can in the pumpkin.Drop the calcium carbide chips into the water and replace the lid of the pumpkin. Allow about a minute for the acetylene to build up.Be sure the face of the pumpkin is facing away from you and that your audience is a safe distance from the demonstration. You may wish to wear ear protection. Goggles and a lab coat are recommended. While holding down the lid of the pumpkin (with an oven-mitted hand), spark the sparker. How the Self-Carving Pumpkin Works In 1862 Friedrich WÃ ¶hler discovered calcium carbide and water would react to form flammable acetylene gas and calcium hydroxide: CaC2 2 H2O → C2H2 Ca(OH)2 This reaction is used in the commercial manufacture of acetylene and for carbide lamps, which are used by miners in some areas. Safety Precautions This demonstration is best performed by a chemistry teacher or other adult experienced with chemicals or pyrotechnics. It is not a suitable project for kids to try. Youll likely need to order calcium carbide through a chemistry or educational supply store or else buy it online. Remote ignition of the acetylene is safer than holding the pumpkin and striking a sparker, though youll want to secure the lid of the jack-o-lantern so that it wont simply blow off, leaving your pumpkin uncarved. If the pieces of the face are not loose, either the pumpkin will explode or else the explosion will be contained and the pumpkin will be uncarved. Safe Self-Carving Pumpkin This is also a safe version of this project which uses carbon dioxide gas to blow out the jack-o-lantern face. Although carbon dioxide can be compressed to where it explodes, using a plastic bag to contain the gas provides enough pressure to produce the desired effect without the risk of injury.

Rastafari Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Rastafari - Essay Example The leaders of Rastafari came up with doctrines of the religion, which include despising the whites, reading the Bible, growing dreadlocks, and smoking cannabis. The followers of the religion interpret the Bible in an afro-centric way; because they believe that the white people altered the meaning of the readings in the text. Bob Marley, a reggae singer, is one of the followers of the movement. Tim argues that Bob’s songs contain the doctrines of Rastafarians (Hall 6). Hall believes that the movement is a way of life because it lacks organization like other religions. The author is an evangelist in Australia, and he researches about religious movements in the world. The article is relevant to my research because it explains the origin of the movement and its principles. The author states the founders of the movement, and he also gives an example of Bob Marley as a Rastafarian. The author has failed to give an example of principle that Marley spreads through his reggae songs (H all 8). The author also fails to give details of how Haile Selassie 1 and Garvey succeeded in creating the movement, even after claiming that they died as a result of their struggle to save Africans from slavery. This means that the article is not wholly reliable. Murrell, Nathaniel. â€Å"Jamaica: The Rastafarian movement.† Global exchange, n.d 2011. Web. 18 Oct 2013. (http://www.globalexchange.org/country/jamaica/rasta) The article states the meanings of symbols of the Rastafari movement, and he explains how the doctrines of the association have spread to the whole world. Nathaniel argues that the word Ras means Christ; while Rastafari refers to Haile Selassie, the founder of the movement (Murrell 4). Rastafarians claim that Haile Selassie is their Christ who died physically, but lives in their souls. The believers argue that Christ shall come back to save them from the world, and he shall take them to Ethiopia. The followers argue that Ethiopia is the land that Christ prom ised them, and they refer to it as Mount Zion. The author argues that the movement has spread from Jamaica to the United States in cities such as New York, and the Great Britain (Murrell 8). Nathaniel, however, believes that the movement is more of a culture or political association rather than a religion. This argument is similar to that of Tim Hall, and it indicates that numerous researches have been conducted to determine the classification of Rastafarian movement. Nathaniel is an associate professor in the University of Carolina. The professor teaches philosophy and religion, and he has written several books in these topics. Murrell’s research specializes in the Caribbean and world religions. The article will help the research to explaining the real meaning of terms used by the Rastafarians. The author has analyzed how the movement spread to countries such as America and Britain, and he also explains the origin of the Rastafarian doctrines. The author has failed to descri be the spread of the movement in details, but his work is reliable because his arguments are similar to those of Tim Hall, and they are more detailed. Barnett, Michael. "The Many Faces of Rasta: Doctrinal Diversity within the Rastafari Movement." Caribbean Quarterly 51.2 (2005): 67-112.print. The article summarizes details of members of the Rastafari

Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Poetry - Essay Example The poem â€Å"God’s Will for You and Me† by an unknown author seems to be written for the gentle of spirit, almost childlike in its’ innocence. The dominant theme running throughout is one of goodness. In an effort to impress upon the reader the importance of being a good person in order to carry out God’s will, the author hopes to set an example of ways to be to do so. The ending few lines impart to us a way to be faithful to his will itself. The mood is both cheerful and hopeful, as the reader may be inspired to act in such a way as to find favor with the Lord. Love he states should be the daily motivating influence. The Title â€Å"God’s Will for You and Me† is itself the message throughout the poem and is significant because of what it represents. It is quite a feat to live by God’s Will and the poem is daring in its’ desire to impress upon us the necessity of doing so. The motif throughout is further amplified by the sweetness of what is being said and by the many literary devices the author uses. The definitive stance the author has adopted is a way of being good in order to carry out God’s will. The mental and emotional disposition of goodness lends itself to an atmosphere with the same feeling. We feel gentle and sweet when reading it because of the sentiment so ably illustrated with the choice of words. The tone achieved is instrumental in evoking an appropriate inspirational feeling from the reader. We are compelled to act accordingly after imbuing the essence of the innocent sentiments expressed. The poem seems to be written almost as a stream of consciousness with an uninterrupted flow of thoughts and ideas. Here we see the author’s thinking process as a unified idea carried out. Flowing from one thought to the next, we see illustrated a number of ways we can model ourselves and our actions to carry out god’s will. Being â€Å"gentle and kind†, â€Å"merciful and mild† and â€Å"just to be cheery when things go wrong† are all things we can aspire to. The poem reads as a narrative of the author’s thoughts instead of a dialogue with the reader. A feeling of verisimilitude is created as we listen to the lofty ideals expressed in the poem. The lines are stated so matter of factly as to be true. They are structured as sentiments but sound almost like commands. With the influence of God written into the piece we can trust that this is the way to be. It seems to be an allegory for a grander concept. Simply stated, each line and sentiment sp eaks to us of being good. Gentle, kind, merciful, all speak to us about the teachings of the church. As we read the examples of good behavior we can sense the higher aspirations we can ascribe to. In hoping to carry out God’s will we can all benefit ourselves by living our lives in such a way. It is further stated that this is the way God wants us to be and we the devout can take comfort in this, hoping to be pleasing to the Lord. Rhyme and Rhyme Scheme â€Å"God’s Will for You and Me† is written in such an innocent way and almost seems to be addressed to a child. With the use of alliteration it has the quality of a nursery rhyme in both the internal rhyme and the rhyme scheme. It is actually a sonnet. Sonnets are often sweet

The Atomic Bomb and its Destructive Power Essay Example for Free

The Atomic Bomb and its Destructive Power Essay An Atomic Bomb is a very powerful explosive device that entails fission of enriched Uranium or Plutonium nuclei in a chain reaction. The power of the explosion is measured in terms of the number of tons of TNT that would have to be exploded to release the same amount of energy. This fission reaction cannot be sustained unless a specific amount of plutonium or uranium, known as the critical mass, is present. When this specific amount is present, then the number of neutrons being produced by the fission of the nuclei will exceed the number of neutrons that leave the surface of the material. This results in a chain reaction, which ultimately leads to an explosion (Atomic Bomb). The nuclear device or Atomic Bomb consists of several less than critical mass parts that are separated by lead walls. Moreover, all these portions of nuclear fuel together exceed the required critical mass. At the time of detonation, either a chemical or mechanical device is set off that causes the various sub critical mass portions of Uranium or Plutonium to combine. Subsequently, the emitted neutron density is sufficient to set off a nuclear fission reaction releases more neutrons, this process continues until the fissile material is exhausted or is dispersed (Atomic Bomb). Such a nuclear fission reaction gives rise to an enormous amount of energy, which is mainly in the form of extreme heat. In addition, this explosion generates a huge shock wave, flash burns, high winds and radiation consisting of neutrons and gamma rays or very short wavelength light. This radiation is fatal to living matter and makes the soil and water unusable (Atomic Bomb). The neutrons and gamma rays released during an atomic bomb explosion cause extreme harm to living tissue and constitute a prime cause for cancer. The surrounding area of a nuclear explosion becomes unusable due to contamination with radioactive fission products. A portion of these radioactive products reach the upper atmosphere either as dust or a gas and thereafter reach the site of explosion as radioactive fallout, which continues to decay over a period of time (Atomic Bomb). Amongst nuclear weapons, the Atomic bombs have the dubious distinction of being the first to be developed, tested and deployed. Towards the end of the 1930’s physicists belonging to Europe and the USA became convinced that it would be possible to create a truly powerful explosive device that was based on the fission of uranium. In August 1939 Albert Einstein wrote to the US President Franklin D. Roosevelt a letter that gave particulars of this process and the danger that could be posed to the Allies if such an explosive device were to be created by the Axis Powers. The President took cognizance of this warning and initiated the Manhattan Project in 1942, in order to invent such an explosive device. The Manhattan Project team led by U. S. Army Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves was ably guided by J. Robert Oppenheimer in this endeavour. This team was successful in creating the first Atomic Bomb (Atomic Bomb). The first test atomic explosion was performed at Alamogordo, New Mexico, on the 16th of July, 1945. The energy released by this explosion was the same as would be released if 20,000 tons of TNT were to be exploded. On the 6th of August, 1945 the USA used the atomic bomb for the first time in history. This bombing, which took place almost at the end of World War II, was made on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. This bomb attack was repeated on the Japanese city of Nagasaki on the 9th of August, 1945 (Glasstone). The casualties reported due to these nuclear explosions were enormous and the USA stated that around sixty to seventy thousand people had been killed in Hiroshima by the atomic bomb, which had earned the sobriquet of Little Boy. The same US sources placed the number of dead at forty thousand in Nagasaki, due to the explosion caused by the atomic bomb that had been dropped there, which had been nicknamed as the Fat Man. These two bombs effectively brought about the surrender of Japan to the Allies on the 14th of August 1945. These were the only occasions on which nuclear weapons had been used in warfare (Eubank. P87). The Hiroshima bomb was prepared using refined uranium – 235. The bomb was made by diffusion enrichment techniques, which utilized the minute differences in the mass of the two main isotopes of Uranium, namely U – 235 and U – 238. The difference of mass is similar to what UF6 has with only one percent between the molecules. Thus it became much simpler to concentrate the less common isotope. The atomic bomb that destroyed nearly ninety percent of the city of Hiroshima on the 6th of August 1945 was prepared using approximately sixty kilograms of highly enriched uranium (Atomic Bomb). Three days later the second bomb was exploded over Nagasaki. This bomb contained approximately eight kilograms of plutonium – 239. Special types of nuclear reactors were utilized in the preparation of this bomb. The first human designed atomic reactor was constructed on the premises of the University of Chicago in the year 1942 during the last phase of the Second World War. In order to slow down the emergence of neutrons in fission, highly purified graphite was used in the reactor as a moderator of neutrons and to control the nuclear fission reaction. Subsequently more reactors were constructed based on the design of the Chicago reactor. They engaged simple chemical techniques to isolate plutonium – 239. There were no complexities involved in the separation of the isotopes. The first test explosion had taken place at Alamogordo in New Mexico on the16th of July 1945 using a plutonium explosive device (Glasstone). Initially the creation of the atomic bomb proceeded at a slow pace. However, the results of different research groups clearly indicated that its destructive power could be awesome and this led to a considerable hastening of the development process. Subsequently, the US Government became convinced of the fact that this world war was based on technology to a very great extent. Accordingly, it accepted the fact that there should be consensus between science, technology and the US Government (Eubank. P. 8). The destructive effects of both uranium and plutonium fuel nuclear fission bombs relied upon the energy released during the explosion caused by nuclear fission, which resulted in instantaneous fires, destructive blast pressures and maximum radiation exposures. The quantity of deposits of fission particles on the ground was very limited because these bombs had been exploded at a height of around six hundred metres above the ground. However, some traces of deposit of these particles were found in the surrounding areas of the cities in which these explosions took place and this was attributed to the rainfall that had occurred immediately after these explosions. Areas at a few kilometres distance to the east of Nagasaki and in west and north – west of Hiroshima had recorded these radioactive traces. Most of the radioactive fission particles got carried away by the heat emanated from the explosions into the outermost atmosphere (Atomic Bomb or A Bomb). The death toll was estimated at 45,000 of the civilian population out of a total of 250,000 in Hiroshima on the day the bomb went off and 19,000 resident civilians succumbed in the succeeding four months. The population of Nagasaki was 174,000 and out of these 22,000 died on the day of the explosion and another 17,000 died during the succeeding four months (Smith). A large number of malformations or deformations of fetuses was recorded among the civilians who had been exposed directly to the radioactivity. This resulted in deformities in children who were born subsequent to the explosion. Apart from these untoward incidents, no significant gene damages were found to have occurred in the children of the survivors (Smith). Gamma radiations and neutrons had emerged during and immediately after the fission. These were the major components of the radiation in those cities. There were other sources of exposure derived from the black rain which precipitated in some areas. The rain water contained radioactive materials that had emanated from within the rising cloud of fission products. However, there was little exposure to these depositions. Traces of radionuclide cesium – 137, which was a by – product of the fission were detected for a long period after the explosion in areas of Nishiyama district (Smith). Other category of nuclear bombs, fusion bombs, such as hydrogen or thermonuclear bombs have been developed and tested in the 1950s. However, these weapons have never been detonated in warfare. The modus operandi of a thermonuclear bomb is that a fission reaction takes place first to produce very high temperature. Hydrogen isotopes of deuterium and tritium combine because of the extreme heat and in the process give out a very large amount of thermonuclear energy. The primary source of energy depends on the fusion reaction. This process is similar to the process that gives the Sun its energy (Atomic Bomb). Nations that had developed atomic bombs test them in order to determine their efficiency and to study the effects caused by such explosions. These tests are usually conducted by exploding them in the atmosphere, under the earth and under the sea. The countries that have admitted to the possession of a nuclear warhead are the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, China, India and Pakistan. South Africa proclaimed that it had developed a number of such bombs and that later on it had dismantled them. Since the war came to an end due to the Atomic Bomb, a new era has begun, which makes a logical analysis of the basic concepts in respect of human life, technical innovations and society. In the social context, the deep sorrow caused by the destruction of the atomic bomb was immense. Its impact extended into the hearts of the nations of the world crossing the borders of Japan. In addition to the immense grief caused, the use of the atomic bomb made some of the people of the United States a target for criticism from the people of the world for having caused such a large number of deaths. Although the Americans wanted to depict the atomic bomb attacks on Japan, during the war, as a symbol of their hatred towards the Japanese who had attacked Pearl Harbor, these bombings were criticized as being unjust to the people of Japan. Any country with the required amount of technology could have used the atom bomb. However the United States had the benefit of possessing not only the money but also the technology to take up such a project. However, the fact remains that the atomic bomb, saved a million lives though it killed tens of thousands of people. The rules of war were changed forever by the atomic bomb. It not only exterminated the enemy but also ruined humanity itself. The inventors of this weapon had hoped that their invention would result in the end of war. This new weapon was so terrible that its architects were terrified of the idea that it could again be put to use. Works Cited Atomic Bomb. Microsoft Encarta Premium . Redmond, WA, 2006. Atomic Bomb. Britannica Concise Encyclopaedia. 2003. Atomic Bomb or A Bomb. The Columbia Encyclopaedia . 2004. Eubank, Keith. â€Å"The Bomb. † Kreiger Pub Co. Glasstone, Samuel. Nuclear Weapons. Microsoft Encarta 2006 [DVD]. Redmond, WA, 2005. Smith, Mikki. Hiroshima was no longer a city. International Socialist Review, Issue 13. August September 2000.

Societal Structure of the Ottoman Empire :: World History

Societal Structure of the Ottoman Empire By the 16th century, the vast and mighty empire of the Ottomans had reached the zenith of its power. The lands under Ottoman rule stretched from the heart of Central Europe to the deserts of Arabia. In nearly every respect, the Ottoman Empire was strong and well-organized. As such, it comes as no surprise that the people under Ottoman rule were organized in a neat power structure as well. From the royal Sultan to the villagers in the rayyah class, the people of the Empire each had a unique position in Ottoman society. At the very top of the pyramidal societal structure was the Sultan, absolute commander of all, and executor of decisions concerning politics and state wealth (for the purposes of serving the state's interests). A step below the Sultan were a small group of wealthy, esteemed leaders, who were ascribed special status because they were essentially the Sultan's "slaves". The main duties of this select little group were to protect and enlarge the financial assets of the state for the benefit of the Sultan and the Empire. These leaders also ruled and defended the far-flung Ottoman Empire. While the Sultan invested wealth and the leaders protected it, the majority of commoners, the rayyahs, had the task of actually producing the wealth. The rayyahs had to pay part of their profits from industry, commerce, and farming to the state in the form of taxes. Townsfolk, villagers, and pastoral peoples made up the eclectic mix of the rayyah class. The word "rayyah" literally translates into "the protected flock of the Sultan". While Ottoman society was clearly divided into distinct social classes, these classes were neither closed nor confining, meaning that with the proper attributes and luck, a man could raise his social status. For example, to be a member of the small ruling class below the Sultan, one had to possess the following three qualities: - deep-rooted patriotism and loyalty for the Empire and the Sultan. - acceptance and practice of Islam, which was integrated into the Ottoman lifestyle. - knowledge and practice of the Ottoman Way, which consisted of complex customs, behavior, and language. If a rayyah possessed these qualities, he had a chance of becoming one of the numbered leaders. On the other hand, if a leader appeared to be lacking one or more of these qualities, he could just as easily be removed from his position and sink to being a rayyah again. The shaping force behind the Ottoman Empire was most definitely the religion of Islam. As a result, religion became a foremost guiding factor in people's lives.

Review of Related Literature Essay

When you scroll down your playlist, do you encounter the word â€Å"Genre† on the list? Do you what does Genre mean? According to Dictionary.com (2005) it is a class or category of artistic endeavor having a particular form, content technique, or like: the genre of epic poetry; the genre of symphonic music. Genre has different categories; these include Blues, Classical, Country, Electronic, Folk, Jazz, New Age, Reggae and Rock. Gravell, D. (2011). We, Filipinos also have our own category. Do you what it is? Guessed it right, it’s OPM (Original Pilipino Music). OPM is anything that’s performed by a Filipino artist.There are also new genres that made their way on the year 2012. On the list are Drill, Trap, Hipster House, Ratchet, Queer Rap, Tumblr-wave and Sea punk. Wagner, D (2012) Yes, they have weird names. Artists tend to experiment and invent new genres so expect every year with sprouting genres of great differences. Who couldn’t make music without singers behind it? With their names, who wouldn’t know these male artists like Tinie Tempah, Taio Cruz, Wiz Khalifa, Pitbull, Akon, Justin Bieber, Eminem, Bruno Mars Enrique Inglesias and Usher? Ayaz, M. (2012) How about songstresses like Ke$ha, Jennifer Lopez, Beyonce, Adele, Britney Spears, Rihanna, Taylor Swift, Katy Perry, Shakira and Lady Gaga are they familiar? Ayaz, M. (2012) These noise makers paved their way to music industry and are now chart toppers including fresh names like One Direction, Cher Lloyd, David Choi, Jireh Lim and many more. I bet you can name songs made by mentioned artists. Since we are talking about music, what can music do to its listeners, majorly teenagers? It can only end up into 2 results, the good and the bad result. Looking on the bright side, it can connect two people of the same undertakings. An example of it is Eminem, a rapper. He usually tells his personal troubles by rapping it. People who listen to it and are stuck at the same situation can relate and the song itself can give hope to the listeners. On the other hand, it also has its negativities. For instances, rapper, Wiz Khalifa shares a song that depicts drugs and intercourse, without being aware that there are listeners with age groups below 13 it can influence them. It can give off the urge to use drugs and enlarge egos which is a bad thing. Whatever the message of the song, good or bad, it ends up to the listeners mind and affect them. Mariam, S. (2012) Besides Psychological effects, music has its health benefits. One of its benefits is pain management. Music is a perfect way to divert your attention to pain. Another one is that it can reduce stress. Listening to calm and soothing music can be a simple way to relieve stress. It can also boost ones immune system. Research shows that if one listens to opera music it can regulate peripheral immune system. If one listens jumpy and active music, it can be ones encouragement to do exercise. An example of this is when one listens to music and jives with the beat, exercise is already done. You think singing lullabies at night is childish, well think again. Music can promote sleep and sedatives especially that light and slow music. Getting sick of the same beat you hear all over again? Well, people have their ways to discover new music. According to Nielsen (2012) Radio is still the dominant way people discover music (48%)- followed by tips from our friends and relatives (10%), and YouTube (7%), but more teens listen to music through YouTube than any other source (64%) – followed by radio (56%) and iTunes (53%) and CDs (50%) – Due to the advancing technology, the use of internet, specifically the website YouTube, have been the big players when it comes to music sharing. Although a lot of complains from artists about YouTube being a fuel for piracy, it still continues its way as a website.

How Macbeth Lost His Morals Essay

Macbeth is a very controversial character in many ways. Many believe he was an evil man from the beginning. While some believe he became evil over the course of the play. Macbeth’s morals gradually deteriorated throughout the play. Macbeth’s soliloquy’s, conversations, and his actions show how he lost his morals bit by bit in after each murder. In act I, Macbeth was confronted with the thought of killing King Duncan and stealing the throne. His soliloquy (I.7.1-28)is his response to the possible actions he is about to take part in. He basically said he felt bad because as his kinsman and his host he should protect him, not kill him. Also the fact that he was such a good king made him hesitate at the thought of killing him. In his discussion with Lady Macbeth after his soliloquy, Macbeth states, â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business. / He hath honored me of late†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (I.7.31-32) Macbeth was talking about how King Duncan has honored him recently and how he cannot go through with killing him. Then at the end of act I, Lady Macbeth convinces him to go through with the murder. Then after the murder of King Duncan, Macbeth flips out and begins to rant and rave. He said after the murder talking with lady Macbeth, â€Å"To know my deed, ’twere best not know myself.†(II.2.73) This showed his extreme guilt and regret of the crime he just committed. Then, in act III, Macbeth’s soliloquy (III.1.47-72) he stated his fears and hatred of Banquo because he was so good. He then called for two murderers to kill Banquo and his son, Fleance. Macbeth needed no motivation for this action other than fear, and he had no hesitation in this decision as with the murder of King Duncan. But after Macbeth knows Banquo is dead, he saw his ghost at his dinner party, taunting him (III.4.40-105). This was a form of his conscience making him feel guilty for what he did. Though his reaction to Banquo’s murder is equally as volatile as King Duncan’s, the build up preceding the murder shows a stark contrast. Before the murder of King Duncan, Macbeth had resisted the thought much longer than with the murder of Banquo, which he had no major moral dilemma’s before hand. It seemed as though it was becoming easier and easier for Macbeth to kill without remorse. Finally, in act IV Macbeth makes a statement that showed his moral deterioration very well. After talking with Lennox about how Macduff had fled to England, Macbeth said in his soliloquy, â€Å"†¦From this moment/ The very firstlings of my heart shall be/ The firstlings of my hand.†(IV.2.146-148) Macbeth said that now the first thing that came to mind would be the first thing he did. The next thing he said was, â€Å"The castle of Macduff I will surprise,/ Seize upon Fife, five to the edge o’ the sword/ His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls†¦Ã¢â‚¬ .(IV.2.150-152) The first thing that came to his mind was to kill Macduff’s family. He had no second thoughts like the first two murders, no last minute guilt trips either, just cold blooded killing. When Macbeth meets Macduff in the battle field he said, â€Å"Of all men else I have avoided thee./ But get thee back, my soul is too much charged/ with blood of thine already.(V.8.4-6) That was a litt le sign of remorse by saying that he has too much of Macduff’s family’s death on his soul, that he doesn’t want another. Macbeth’s moral deterioration throughout the play is very evident if one looks at the moments preceding and following the murders. In the first quell, there was a long build up and many moral objections by Macbeth. Also after the murder, Macbeth was extremely disturbed by what he had just done. Then, before the second killing, there was less of a build up and no moral objections by Macbeth. After the murder of Banquo, Macbeth still felt some guilt, which manifested itself in the hallucination of the ghost. Finally, prior to the third murder, there was no moral dilemma about about killing Macduff’s family. Following the murder, he showed almost no remorse, except for the comment made to Macduff. Macbeth was a good man in the beginning of the play, but his morals deteriorated more with each murder he committed.

Absolute Values In Radicals Essays - Mathematics, Algebra

Absolute Values In Radicals Essays - Mathematics, Algebra Absolute Values In Radicals Absolute Values in Radicals Absolute values in radicals is a very easy concept, once it is mastered. Basically an absolute value is the positive square root of the sum of the squares of the real and imaginary parts of a complex number. An absolute value sign is two straight lines that are place around the exponent to show that the value of the exponent is a positive number. Absolute value signs are needed when there is an even exponent inside a radical and when the square is taken the exponent becomes odd. Then, the odd exponent is placed outside the radical and absolute values signs are placed around it. Absolute value signs are needed because the exponent could be a positive or a negative number. X could be negative number and if it were raised to an even power, it would become positive. But if someone would need to find the square root, the absolute value signs would be needed to show that could be a nonnegative value.

Nova Scotias Name Reveals This Provinces History

Nova Scotia's Name Reveals This Province's History The province of Nova Scotia  is one of the ten provinces and three territories that make up Canada. Located on the far southeastern coast of the country, it is one of only three Canadian maritime provinces. How Did Nova Scotia Get Its Name? Currently nicknamed Canada’s Festival Province, the name Nova Scotia originates from Latin. Literally, it means New Scotland. Early Scottish Settlers Nova Scotia was founded in 1621 by  Sir William Alexander of Menstrier. He appealed to  King James of Scotland that a New Scotland was needed to expand national interests alongside New England, New France, and New Spain. Nova Scotia became an ideal territory for early Scottish settlers. Nearly a century later, after the United Kingdom gained control over the area, there was a massive Scottish immigration wave. Adventurous  Highlanders came from all over Scotland to settle throughout Nova Scotia. By the  mid-1700s, British military officer, general, and acting governor of Nova Scotia, Charles Lawrence, invited American New England residents to relocate to Nova Scotia. This was largely due to the expulsion of the  Acadians  that left large land vacancies and created yet another Scottish population surge. The new settlers were comprised of Scots that had previously fled to New England to gain religious freedom. These descendants formed a major part of the life and development of Nova Scotia and continued to stay in the province through successive generations. Modern Nova Scotia The Scottish became the third largest ethnic group in Canada, and their heritage is celebrated throughout Nova Scotia. Community events such as  Tartan days, clan gatherings, and showings of Highlander-based films like Braveheart, Trainspotting,  and  Highlander  reaffirm ancient Scottish pride. The kinship between Scotland and Canada is incredibly strong, and Scottish cultural influence is evident throughout the province. Visitors to Nova Scotia looking for an authentic cultural experience are invited to wear a kilt, enjoy the skirl of the bagpipes from a marching band, and see the  cabar  being tossed at one of the provinces many Highland Games events. Its also easy to find traditional Scottish dishes like haggis, porridge, kippers, black pudding, shortbread, cranachan, and clootie dumplings  with a Canadian twist at local restaurants. Sources: MacKay, Janet. Founding of New Scotland (Nova Scotia). Fifty Plus, November 1993. Wilson, Norry. Scotland and Canada. Scotland.org, February 6, 2019. Unknown. The Gaelic Culture of Nova Scotia is as Celtic as You Will Get! NovaScotia.com, 2017.

Comparing three articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Comparing three articles - Essay Example nvest millions of shillings in adverts just to reach the largest target audience with product information, and consequently, persuade or influence them to buy the product. Non-profit organizations also advertize their messages to raise awareness on various matters that affect communities. Successful ads create desire and interest in the target audience and persuade them to purchase the product in question. Furthermore, these ads provide additional information about the product or service that the consumer may not have been aware of. With the current stiff competition among businesses, use of efficient and proven techniques give firms an edge over their competitors. Though consumers are exposed to millions of adverts, each of these is unique as they each try to use techniques that draw maximum attention of the consumers to the product. Advertisers strive to make ads memorable, convincing, and exciting using visual effects and relevant language for a particular audience. They achieve t his with simple, persuasive, and clear language. Language is powerful and significant tool for human beings to communicate effectively with others. Therefore, the use of relevant and appropriate language in marketing and advertising brings success in the communication process. All firms select appropriate advertisement language to persuade their audience and make their ads successful. Additionally, words of various languages have their denotations. However, these words also have different connotations meaning their emotional associations. Advertisers have taken full advantage of these connotations to efficiently construct persuasive messages that evoke consumers’ emotions. Baumgartner in the article, It’s All in the Detail states that dealers usually feel they have done their job when customers emotionally feel something after viewing their ads. In clarification, O’Neill in The Language of Advertising explains that most clients experience emotional connections to the ads after

Services Marketing - Internal marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Services Marketing - Internal marketing - Essay Example It has definite advantages over the traditional way of transacting business (Amit & Zott, 2000). It eliminates paper and paper work through market automation, online transactions and payments. The governments too use the e-platform to offers service to the public Another commonly used definition of service is proposed by Kotler (1991). "Any act or performance that one party can offer to another that is essentially intangible and does not result in the ownership of anything. Provision of services and information through the internet is the primary objective of the government in most developed countries (Buckley, 2003). The private sector is much ahead in offering web based services and the motivation and outcome in web based public and private sectors provision of services differ. In the public sector the motivation and the objectives in offering e-services are numerous which makes it difficult to measure the service quality. The motivation and objectives in the private sector centre on profits and hence easily measurable. Two web based service offerings - one each from the public and private sector would be assessed in line with current service marketing models. The report first of all examines the public and private services characteristics inline with service characteristics model. The government and the public sector hav... The motivation and objectives in the private sector centre on profits and hence easily measurable. Two web based service offerings - one each from the public and private sector would be assessed in line with current service marketing models. The report first of all examines the public and private services characteristics inline with service characteristics model. The government and the public sector have committed themselves to service quality and customer orientation (Buckley, 2003). The service quality in the health care sector too has received importance. In public health services the tension between orientations towards care provision and customer satisfaction is believed to be insurmountable. The internet has provided the opportunity to overcome the difficulties in service delivery. In order to augment its service, the UK National Health Service (NHS) started offering 24-hour help and advice service conducted by nurses. This was initially offered over the telephone through NHS Direct. With the advent of technology they soon introduced NHS Direct Online in 1999 Although service industries are themselves quite heterogeneous, there are some service characteristics upon which it is useful to generalize. The characteristics discussed in this right up are: Intangibility Inseparability Heterogeneity Perishability 1.1Intangibility Service are not tangible, as stated by Berry: " A good is an object, a device, a thing; a service is a deed, a performance, an effort" (Berry, 1984). When a service is purchased, there is generally nothing tangible to show for it. This is evidence in both private and public services hooked over the web. As argued by Berry, "Services are consumed but not possessed"